tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67387243734060979092024-03-08T09:59:42.912+00:00Lesley A Hall, archivist and historianLesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.comBlogger331125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-12122172823240381232024-03-08T09:59:00.000+00:002024-03-08T09:59:09.663+00:00IWD: A Centenary to Celebrate in 2024, and an anniversary<p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwYl52E0wX47g_5tryQItzlIj4-DaG7rh3wYqtY6LRndL7a3GReSMLC1A23GiKeyipFGhCuW43VItvOZ1byrUu8ZYG2gzuQHKVFSjxe1rJA7sTgLzC9ipXicSU0tJnXbkKnwobqaln5znKb3aJlPvp4h9-2Z34NCv5y5KmOfBTy7y8L2P8rGfLNzXRbXl/s1303/wbcg.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1303" data-original-width="880" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwYl52E0wX47g_5tryQItzlIj4-DaG7rh3wYqtY6LRndL7a3GReSMLC1A23GiKeyipFGhCuW43VItvOZ1byrUu8ZYG2gzuQHKVFSjxe1rJA7sTgLzC9ipXicSU0tJnXbkKnwobqaln5znKb3aJlPvp4h9-2Z34NCv5y5KmOfBTy7y8L2P8rGfLNzXRbXl/w216-h320/wbcg.jpg" width="216" /></a></p><p><br />There have been various mentions that this year is the centenary of the first - if short-lived - Labour Government in the UK. Its coming to power (however limited that power was in practice) was greeted by the growing birth control movement of the period as a suitable opportunity to press for permitting advice to be given in local authority maternity clinics under the auspices of Public Health Departments. This had already been an aim of the movement - clinics had been set up to meet existing need but were few and far between, and were intended to provide a model for public provision. <br /></p><p>Early in 1924 the Ministry of Health published the report on <i>Maternal Mortality</i> by Dr Janet Campbell, Senior Medical Officer for Maternity and Child Welfare. It revealed shocking levels of annual death in childbirth and widespread induced abortion; and that the risks were greater the larger the family. However, among the suggested remedies, birth control was not mentioned.<br /></p><p>On 9 May 1924 there was a substantial deputation to the new Minister of Health, John Wheatley, by a group including H. G. Wells, Dora Russell, doctors, Labour MPs, and members of the Labour and birth control movements, to ask that 'welfare centres shall be permitted to give birth control information to such mothers as may desire it'. The focus was on the lives and well-being of working-class women. There was an assumption that better-off women would be able to obtain contraceptive advice from their private medical practitioners (there is a good deal of evidence, however, see my <i>Hidden Anxieties</i>, that the vast majority of doctors were ill-informed on the subject even when they were willing to talk about it).<br /></p><p>Wheatley refused to introduce so controversial a measure involving public funds without express Parliamentary direction; arguing that religious feelings were involved and that there was no public mandate. A petition with six thousand signatures demanding an end to the Ministry's opposition to birth control instruction in welfare centres was rejected, but when submitted to the National Conference of Labour Women on 14 May, they refused 'to accept a a further shelving and temporising resolution of its executive' and voted in its favour by an overwhelming 1000 to 8.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeAcZq44cmexbOZFbJ4PFAtC8szGOIp62Nt_yyJZxrYDGg2E0oVtErc1hnZnVqPgHq0DJGGLRou8fjLCzd2U6TV_IGuVWBj33mjhQRbCKYNQh5pPAqQ9N7b61HJN150hm1_4N_zjtKHIVuhSmAwQn11vGiIZNjsEixz_9V9Kurt6M47F-InFQFLz_PHW-_/s1403/wbcg%20objects.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1403" data-original-width="881" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeAcZq44cmexbOZFbJ4PFAtC8szGOIp62Nt_yyJZxrYDGg2E0oVtErc1hnZnVqPgHq0DJGGLRou8fjLCzd2U6TV_IGuVWBj33mjhQRbCKYNQh5pPAqQ9N7b61HJN150hm1_4N_zjtKHIVuhSmAwQn11vGiIZNjsEixz_9V9Kurt6M47F-InFQFLz_PHW-_/s320/wbcg%20objects.jpg" width="201" /></a></div><p>As a result, the Workers' Birth Control Group, which had already been in the planning process, was set up. Unlike the other organisations at the time, it was not establishing clinics, but activitating public opinion, and lobbying local and central government authorities for the provision of advice in publicly funded centres. For tactical reasons, it positioned itself as representing 'working mothers', and its public face was to consist of (married) 'men and women who had known the responsibility of parenthood'. An exception was made for Dorothy Jewson, MP, one of their major Parliamentary supporters; however, although Stella Browne was very much part of the group and tirelessly addressing meetings all over the country, she was not publicly associated with it. (Her open support for the legalisation of abortion was felt to be inexpedient at the particular political moment.)</p><p>In 1930, following the passage of a wide-reaching Local Government Act by the Labour Government in 1929, the Ministry of Health quietly conceded a Memorandum 153/MCW on the giving of birth control advice in local authority clinics to women whose lives were endangered by further pregnancy. At first this was issued only to Medical Officers of Health who specifically enquired about the position, but was eventually leaked in <i>Birth Control News</i> by Marie Stopes and disseminated by interested parties including the WBCG.</p><p></p><p>The WBCG decided that its original intention had been achieved, and dissolved itself. Several of its leading members joined Stella Browne in the struggle for abortion law reform.</p><p>However, it was to be a long time before birth control was fully accepted as part of health care. It was not integrated into the National Health Service in 1948 and the terms under which it was provided remained those formulated in the 1930s by Ministry of Health circulars 153/MCW and 1408 of 1934 (which extended the grounds upon which advice might be given). It was left in the hands of the Family Planning Association (previously the National Birth Control Association) or the discretion of individual doctors, and not included in the curriculum of medical schools. This entire process pretty much follows the general model I laid out in my 2010 article in <i>Socialist History</i> 36: '"No sex, please, we'e socialists": the British Labour Party closes its eyes and thinks of the electorate'.<br /></p><p>Contraception was finally incorporated into the NHS under the NHS Reorganisation Act 1973 - free family planning services, and supplies subject to a prescription charge. In 1974 Labour returned to power and Barbara Castle, as Secretary of State for Social Services, announced the removal of the charge, irrespective of age or marital status (as had been the situation in many areas following the permissive 1967 Edwin Brook Act). So, a 50th anniversary to celebrate as well.</p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Images from the Workers' Birth Control Group leaflet from the relevant file in the Family Planning Association archive in the Wellcome Library, <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/p89p772v/items">SA/FPA/A/13/95A</a></i></span><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPeU4dzF5U7Pfxe3gACQcHpJej4UnJIS9VWa_UL2mh9R2WfioHSdjvO0MyNUC9F2i_bcBRyyujPFQNdvE6RtMEpSaQlAUuAY1tvwN_Q41iUoZdTbTau-VAmcGXCVmSUZ-XOkfsn-o9wSahNIEDOkqrpmZ40SLEa3OZPF5m20nO_kWXYWaYGSXXsx3fbQl5/s1303/wbcg.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi4MUZXjkfKyOs-qse_6iXZLJClFgXiR_8tyv7SbNbpJcazTfPhLXiV6e6wZWzVAJHj1DzlbhOsc8p4NfngvF7Z3_SDskOnn4bxf32164m5f0eoWwa-Pt85K4OZIZ7j8lWznDF5oN_RpK8kTCW5UqcucuzFj8XARug9a8DH6KRJYxPF5sbAm3pBrVIrYgW/s1303/wbcg.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl9_m8dpUMsrphDHS-3xd_Y68Jr_9TPOuQDj4ZNViMW5Nalsm4yz4ypF3WThusTCilXgzh4gPViRvD0PSWWWpRkblnngRzvQGL92AGlgwfMX8sbFfHeToxQIXsYi5xzjbxmlJdfDP27nec8ze-1S8kym__cGWkbVA3D2TbchV0dRZU6N6TZSneel90s1xc/s1403/wbcg%20objects.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span face="Inter, sans-serif" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #121212; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></p><br />Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-81709894925693553932024-01-22T20:19:00.000+00:002024-01-22T20:19:07.039+00:00A welcome return to Victorian values<p>I.e. those Victorian values embodied in Alfred Swaine Taylor's 1879 <i>Manual of Medical Jurisprudence</i> in his discussion of the question of abortion. In discoursing of a case in which, to his distaste. <i>'the medical man appeared in the capacity of an informer as well as expert</i>', he offered the opinion that the medical man <i>'should refuse to... lend himself in any way as a detective for the purposes of a prosecution</i>'.</p><p>That is, doctors were not in the business of grassing up women who had had abortions, though at that period, they would almost certainly have mainly encountered them when they were at the point of death. Swaine Taylor commented on the frequency of occurrence of miscarriage, both from natural causes and accident.<br /></p><p>It was reassuring, in the light of the recent spate of prosecutions of women under the 1861 Offences Against the Person Act for procuring their own abortions, to read that <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-68036171">the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists has issued a statement</a> that <i>'it is "never" in the public interest to report women who have abortions, and that they must be safeguarded'.</i></p><p></p><blockquote><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i>The
organisation says it is "concerned" by the rising number of police
investigations following abortions and pregnancy loss, and the effect
this might have on "especially vulnerable" patients.</i></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i>Dr
Jonathan Lord, RCOG's medical director, told the BBC: "A law that was
originally designed to protect a woman is now being used against her.</i></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i>"We
have witnessed life-changing harm to women and their wider families as a
direct result of NHS staff reporting women suspected of crimes, and we
just don't think that would happen in other areas of healthcare.</i></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i>"We
deal with the most vulnerable groups who may be concerned about turning
to regulated healthcare at all, and we need them to trust us".</i></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i>Dr
Lord said he believed some NHS staff had shared information with police
because they were "ignorant" about confidentiality regulations.</i></p></div></div></blockquote><p>The centrality of concern for women's care was manifested in the early twentieth century following complaints by police and the judiciary that medics ought to make more effort to extract information about illegal abortionists from the women they treated. The Royal College of Physicians sought legal counsel and passed a resolution ‘<i>Concerning the Duties of Medical Practitioners in Relation to Cases of Criminal Abortion</i>’: these stated the <i>‘moral obligation’</i> to respect the patient’sconfidence. Without her consent a doctor would not be <i>‘justified in disclosing information obtained in the course of his professional attendance’</i>. However, if a doctor was convinced that criminal abortion had occurred, he should urge the patient, especially should she be likely to die, to make a statement, ‘<i>provided always that her chance of recovery are not therefore prejudiced’</i>. If she refused to make a statement, the doctor was under no obligation to take further action except those to do with his medical attendance upon the patient. </p><p></p><p></p><p> </p><blockquote><i> </i></blockquote><p></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-29726094984214749432023-12-27T17:17:00.000+00:002023-12-27T17:17:35.840+00:00Archivists are voices in the wilderness?<p> Like (I think) every archivist, historian, and genealogist who encountered this proposition, I was horrified by the weaselly-entitled press release from the Ministry of Justice a few weeks ago: <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/easier-access-to-historic-wills-under-new-government-plans">Easier access to historic wills under new government plan: Genealogists, historians and amateur family archivists will be better able to access historic wills under proposals published today</a>.</p><p>Who is not excited by the thought of improved digital access to a valuable historical resource?</p><p>And then we discover that nothing has been learnt from a whole long history of 'space-saving' initiatives (I can remember the days of 'microfilm the lot!!') and digital projects which are now inaccessible because the technology has moved on and it is proposed to <b>destroy the originals</b> except for a few 'noteworthy wills which hold historical importance'. </p><p>Chorus of horror.</p><p>How, I also wonder, are these digitised items to be made available? Metadata? One can think of all sorts of ways these documents could be deployed for far deeper ventures in research than just the testamentary dispositions of particular individuals, but this would require some thinking about, some consultation with people who have undertaken previous projects....</p><p>They don't yet seem to have got even The National Archives on board for their deliberations, which one would have thought would have been an essential starting-point.</p><p>I see I addressed some of the questions arising here, yet again (sigh) in <a href="http://lesleyahall.blogspot.com/2017/02/keeping-record-inventing-wheel.html">this post</a>: that digital does not mean for ever, that it's not just about nostalgia for the quaintness of some past phenomenon, and that we do not know what future historians are going to think is important.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/storage-and-retention-of-original-will-documents/storage-and-retention-of-original-will-documents">Open Consultation</a> is taking responses until 23 February 2024<br /></p><p><br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-65445851181699418192023-09-18T20:51:00.002+01:002023-09-18T20:52:45.521+01:00Transnational abortion in times of illegality<p>I was delighted to see that Mexico recently decriminalised abortion, but I also went, wait, haven't I read novels, and maybe memoirs, from a much earlier period, involving women from the USA going across the border to obtain their terminations? I know I have a couple of citations in my <a href="http://www.lesleyahall.net/abortion.htm">Literary Abortion webpage</a>, as well as a link to an article on the <a href="https://lithub.com/what-an-archive-of-testimonials-tells-us-about-abortion-before-roe/">Association to Repeal Abortion Laws</a>, which helped women travel outside the USA, pre-Roe, to Mexico (also Puerto Rico and Japan), giving referrals for safe though ellegal doctors.</p><p>There's also a trope in the earlier twentieth century of women from the UK going abroad to France (Paris in particular was much mentioned) or Switzerland or the Netherlands to obtain abortions, even though the situation was no more legal in those countries. Abortion remained illegal in France until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_343">Manifesto of the 343</a> called for legalisation of abortion and access to contraception in the early 1970s. There must have been networks of information about sympathetic/competent doctors. In the laters 1930s abortion was legalised in Denmark and Sweden but it would very likely have been <i>more</i> difficult for the foreign visitor to access given the system of bureaucratic panels. </p><div></div><div>While delving into the novelist Ethel Mannin's letters of the 1930s to her friend and former lover Douglas Goldring I found one, writing from Vienna, in which she mentions her pregnancy (undated, naughty Ethel, but probably early 1930s) and her ambivalence about continuing it, and suggesting she might go to Prague to get it terminated but that would be inconvenient for various reasons (this would not have been actually legal in Czechoslovakia at the period) and then mentioning various UK doctors who might assist her if she returned there. But Ethel was very much in progressive sex reform circles (she had her Grafenberg ring fitted by Grafenberg himself, noting that it was cheaper even with the travel there than what Norman Haire charged in Harley Street).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>I'm not sure how one would go about uncovering further details of this phenomenon. Women like the Labour politician Jennie Lee, who apparently horrified Nye Bevan's sister by declaring that if by some accident she fell pregnant she 'knew what to do' had £100 and would 'go to Holland' (where abortion was not legalised until 1984), did not expand on these tantalising hints of secret women's knowledge. Letters? diaries? would this even have been written down, or, if written down, preserved beyond immediate need?</div><div><br /></div><div><div data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="1 1 []">There could have been reasons of discretion for going to distant places where they were not known if they could afford it.</div></div>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-18481583354605007952023-09-01T14:49:00.001+01:002023-09-01T14:49:26.255+01:00Colin Spencer (1933-2023): bisexual novelist of the 60s<p>Today I saw the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/jul/27/colin-spencer-obituary">Guardian obituary for Colin Spencer</a>, treating him primarily as a food writer, which he became in the later part of his career. </p><p>However, last year I did a re-reading (because they turned up during a reorganisation of some piles of books) of his quartet of autobiographical novels, <i>Anarchists in Love</i> (1963), <i>The Tyranny of Love</i> (1967), <i>Lovers in War</i> (1970) and the rather later final volume which was not in my collection but available as ebook, <i>The Victims of Love</i> (1978). I'm not sure whether they have 'enduring literary value' but they are certainly of historical and sociological interest<br /></p><p>As the obituary mentions, Spencer was an out bisexual, and this was very much expressed in these novels, though these days Reg might be considered pansexual: 'I just like sex, a lot'. And it <i>is</i> bisexuality, not attempts to 'go straight' or conceal homosexuality for prudential reasons. </p><p>That said, there are extremely vivid scenes of gay life at various levels, from the alleys of artsy bohemian Brighton to posh London literary circles. On the Brighton scene, re-reading <i>Anarchists in Love</i> after, what, maybe 40 years, I realised why the Brighton section of <i><a href="https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526145864/">Queer Beyond London</a></i> seemed somehow familiar!</p><p>There's also a good deal of wider relevance for the historian of sex at the period (and indeed, society in general during this time of change) - there's a certain amount on STIs, from Eddie's panic when he discovers his mistress's husband is dying of tertiary syphilis, to Matthew's experiences as a VD orderly when doing his National Service. There's also mention of contraception ('cock-socks') and <a href="http://www.lesleyahall.net/abortion.htm">abortion</a>.</p><p>The bisexuality, however, is primarily male: while Sundy and Jane both admit to some lesbian experience (though in Jane's case possibly on an emotional rather than physical level) this appears to be 'just a phase' in primarily heterosexual lives. </p><p>I felt that there were certain rather period gendered attitudes to Jane as a female academic - and particularly in the later volumes considerable misogyny, but given that she was based on his first wife and they had a bitter divorce during which his bisexuality was invoked over child custody, that was perhaps more individual than generic. Sundy is on the whole a sympathetic figure and indeed in his autobiography, first volume of a planned trilogy (the rest has not yet appeared), <i>Backing Into Light: My Father's Son</i> (2013) Spencer claims that Sundy as well as Matthew was based on himself.</p><p>The tetralogy has been reissued with introductions by Spencer in paperback and ebook by <a href="https://www.faber.co.uk/product-category/faber-finds/">Faber Finds</a>.<br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-28440862405271292742023-08-28T21:17:00.000+01:002023-08-28T21:17:31.852+01:00Forgotten vs somewhat neglected novelists<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I was recently brought up short during a re-read of Dorothy Sayers' <i>The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club</i>, when Wimsey scans Ann Dorland's bookshelves: '<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Dorothy Richardson—Virginia Woolf—E. B. C. Jones—May Sinclair—Katherine Mansfield—the modern female writers are well represented, aren’t they?' I think Richardson, Woolf, Sinclair and Mansfield would be familiar names to anyone with some acquaintance with women writers of the early decades of the twentieth century - but <i>E. B. C. Jones</i>?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">In fact, </span>Emily Beatrix Coursolles ("Topsy") Jones (1893-1966), has a remarkably substantial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._B._C._Jones">Wikipedia entry</a>, which says her novels<br /></span></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">focused on the social and psychological traumas of World
War I, on large-family dynamics among young adult siblings, and on
relationships among the young "liberated" middle-class intelligentsia of
the Twenties. She was also known in the interwar period as a reviewer
of contemporary fiction in British literary journals.
</span></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">provides a useful biographical summary and plot outlines of the novels. She also has an entry in the <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I have managed to gain a sight of a few of her novels, <a href="https://archive.org/details/quietinterior00jone/page/n7/mode/2up">Quiet Interior</a> (1920), <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft19k4709g&seq=1">The Singing Captives</a> (1922), and <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015063920352&view=1up&seq=13">The Wedgwood Medallion</a> (1923), well worth reading and would like to read the others.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I shall now be adding Jones to my webpage <a href="http://www.lesleyahall.net/wmwrtrs.htm">British Women Novelists, 1910s-1960s: The 'middle-brows'</a> along with some additional updates - I discover that there is <a href="https://www.readingsheffield.co.uk/romer-wilson-remembering-sheffields-forgotten-novelist/">interest being taken in Romer Wilson</a>, and that Sarah Salt's <i>Sense and Sensuality</i> (1929) has lately been republished by <a href="https://cuttingedgebooks.com/bookauthor/sarah-salt/">Cutting Edge Books</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">But considering these works and authors which can reasonably described as having been 'forgotten' at least for a signficant length of time, made me think of certain works and authors claimed to have been 'rediscovered' e.g. by Virago Press, but I wonder if they had ever been truly entirely lost.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">There is a difference between a book which may have made a great sensation in the 1920s and then vanished, and other books which may never have gained enormous critical cred but have gone on not only being read, enjoyed and recommended, but continuing to be republished. Books which appeared in cheap reprint editions and in Penguin and later mass-market paperback formats (a substantial portion of my Winifred Holtby collection consists of the Corgi paperback editions issued, one suspects, in the wake of the success of the <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0159211/">Yorkshire TV <i>South Riding</i></a>) - and also circulated in public libraries.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The popularity of certain works with library patrons led to the production by Cedric Chivers of Bath of New Portway Reprints, robust hardbacks specifically for libraries of works that librarians knew would be much borrowed. Paula Byrne notes in <i>The Adventures of Miss Barbara Pym</i> that Pym was a little cheered during her years in the wilderness of publishers' lack of interest by reprints of four of her earlier books as '<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Library Association reprints by Chivers of Bath'.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">I surmise that there may be studies to be done on these books which are neither critically-acknowledged 'classics' nor perennially popular genre bestsellers but go on having what was perhaps a word of mouth reputation. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Just possibly these might be what Stella Gibbons was alluding to as '</span> the minor classic, a type of book that has perhaps given more pure pleasure to more readers than any other kind'? (In <i>My American</i>, 1939).</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-29092228561110459242023-06-01T11:24:00.001+01:002023-06-01T11:24:49.279+01:00I suppose these days one would call this being cancelled<p>Have been reminded by the currently notorious case of the chemical weapons expert who was disinvited from speaking on his sphere of expertise at a government conference because of his opinions on the government expressed on social media, of a fairly trivial instance where an invitation I had received to speak at a conference was rescinded on grounds which did seem to me at the time had a flavour of 'moral panic', (I don't think the term 'woke' was much in general use at the time, but I suspect that there was a fear that I would introduce a certain, ahem, 'wokeness' into my presentation.)</p><p>(I realise this also falls rather apposite to the inception of <a href="https://www.bigissue.com/news/social-justice/pride-month-everything-to-know/">Pride Month 2023</a>...) <br /></p><p>I have a minor area of expertise in the <a href="http://www.lesleyahall.net/wommed.htm">history of women in medicine in the UK</a>, developed largely through having had to do with relevant archives over a significant period of time, leading to organising exhibitions of same, doing promotional work via lectures, etc etc. In 2013 I was approached by a rather staid heritage body preparing a major conference for 2014 - one of many celebrating the notable centenary falling in that year - to present on - actually I cannot remember after all this time whether it was just women docs or women health professionals more generally (e.g. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeric_Paget_Massage_Corps">Almeric Paget Massage Corps</a>) in World War I. To which I said yes, as it fell within the general remit of my duties as an archivist drawing attention to the materials in our collections.</p><p>Early in 2014 I was to give a presentation at the <a href="https://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/">Florence Nightingale Museum</a> on 'Passions Between Women in Victorian Britain' (to which I had been persuaded by the then curator). </p><p>I think it was when this was in the process of being publicised that I received a rather nervous phone-call from the organiser of the conference indicating that <i>concerns had been expressed</i> and they would therefore rather I did not participate in their event. I had not in fact intended to introduce any speculations about, e.g. the relationship of Louisa Garrett Anderson and Flora Murray, as I felt I had quite enough material on, you know, the amazing and undervalued contributions women made to medical care during the Great War in the teeth of official hostility.</p><p>I hope they found someone else to speak on this important topic.<br /></p><p><br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-5876039222873930892023-05-16T15:22:00.000+01:002023-05-16T15:22:59.162+01:00Pretending medical conditions for journalistic clout<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I have lately been seeing a lot of understandable pushback concerning the BBC Panorama documentary involving a journalist going undercover to access private diagnosis and treatment for ADHD - for which there are very substantial waiting times in the NHS. This had been described by the ADHD Foundation in their <a href="https://www.adhdfoundation.org.uk/2023/05/15/response-to-bbc-panorama-private-adhd-clinics-exposed/">Response to BBC Panorama “Private ADHD Clinics Exposed”</a> as</span></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">a poorly researched, sensationalist piece of television journalism.
This programme has focussed on a niche issue whilst completely ignoring
the broader context, including <em>why</em> there has been a rapid growth in private providers. Some
private providers do provide quality service. We believe the
unscrupulous behaviour of some people/organisations in the private
sector should be challenged, but it <em>must</em> also be contextualised within the wider environment of our health services.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I am not sure if anyone else was reminded of this, but it recalled to me the 1974 scandal around articles in the <i>News of the World</i>, subsequently published as a book, <i>Babies for Burning</i>, based on very dodgy undercover journalism involving abortion providers. The authors, Michael Litchfield and Susan Kentish, made unsubstantiated claims about the practices of abortion providers, including non-profit organisations such as the British Pregnancy Advisory Service, up to and including offering abortions to women who were not even pregnant. In the course of their investigations, the couple gave themselves out as seeking an abortion for Kentish, who was not pregnant: they had provided themselves with a urine sample of a confederate who was, to lend verisimilitude to their narrative.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The libel case brought by BPAS is <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/kd8ajbmh">substantially documented in their archive at Wellcome</a>:</span></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Much of the content of the book was found to be based on misleading
evidence, as revealed in a Sunday Times article, 'Abortion Horror Tales
Revealed as Fantasies'.
The authors withdrew their allegations against the BPAS in a statement
in open court on 18th January 1978. They ‘apologise[d] for any distress
and damage’ which their allegations had caused and ‘recognise[d] that
BPAS exercises the greatest care in the employment of qualified medical
practitioners, and in selecting and training its counsellors.’
There is also documentation of several other separate but related cases[.]</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">There is also a<a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/krz7vcup"> significant group of files</a> relating to the case in the archives of Brook, as well as <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/afzaxjzc">Diane Munday's own file</a> among the archives of <span class="sc-7503b81d-0 sc-3fe6d7c8-0 hOoTse dNOwoS font-intr font-size-5 ">CO-ORD: Co-ordinating Campaign for the Defence of the 1967 Abortion Act:</span></span></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Papers, correspondence and press cuttings relating to statements made in the book <i>Babies for Burning</i>
(1974) alleging that pregnancy testing agencies deliberately informed
women that they were pregnant when they were not. The BPAS claimed that
many of the conversations allegedly reproduced in the book were
distorted by the authors. <span class="sc-7503b81d-0 sc-3fe6d7c8-0 hOoTse dNOwoS font-intr font-size-5 "><br /></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Litchfield and Kentish were not only found guilty of several instances of libel: they were also guilty of lying to the Select Committee on the Abortion (Amendment) Bill (1975), by submitting to it transcripts which they alleged were a faithful account of interviews and tapes recorded:</span></p><blockquote><p> <span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1978-01-30/debates/e36b7342-68cb-4d5a-bf40-b5e7931b0c63/QuestionOfPrivilege?highlight=michael%20litchfield#contribution-41d1a548-a01e-41e0-aa6b-f69798226a58">I wish, Mr. Speaker, to raise a question of privilege</a>.... Mrs. Diana Munday, of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service, has spent
300 hours transcribing the tapes and comparing them with the
transcripts produced to the Select Committee. As you may know, Mr.
Speaker, apologies have been made to the British Pregnancy Advisory
Service and all the allegations against it have been withdrawn.... My point is that the Select Committee was deceived by Miss Susan Kentish and by Michael Litchfield
and lies were told to the Select Committee in order to mislead and
influence that Committee's conclusions. This is a serious matter.</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">The case is discussed in <span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 10.92%; top: 17.71%; transform: scaleX(0.971679);">Sally Sheldon, Gayle Davis, </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 34.99%; top: 17.71%; transform: scaleX(1.02842);">Jane O</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 41.77%; top: 17.69%;">’</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 42.21%; top: 17.71%; transform: scaleX(0.96111);">Neill</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 46.1%; top: 17.58%;"> and </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 47.46%; top: 17.71%; transform: scaleX(1.02218);">Clare Parker, </span>'<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0154A74D64F785229FA26581BE7A8CC1/S0261387518000284a.pdf/abortion_act_1967_a_biography.pdf">The Abortion Act (1967): a biography</a>', <span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 10.92%; top: 5.18%; transform: scaleX(0.951083);"><i>Legal Studies</i></span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 18.3%; top: 5.18%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 18.78%; top: 5.18%; transform: scaleX(0.967159);">(2019),</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 22.78%; top: 5.18%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 23.26%; top: 5.17%; transform: scaleX(0.833321);">39</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 24.69%; top: 5.18%; transform: scaleX(1.00579);">, 18</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 26.84%; top: 5.17%;">–</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 27.56%; top: 5.18%; transform: scaleX(0.957986);">35:</span></span></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 11.06%; top: 22.65%; transform: scaleX(1.0289);">The investigation had a clear impact on early attempts to restrict the Abortion Act.</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 79.63%; top: 22.37%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 80.29%; top: 22.65%; transform: scaleX(1.03861);">One MP is </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 8.62%; top: 24.32%; transform: scaleX(1.00542);">said to have based his personal research for his 1975 abortion bill on reading the proofs,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 80.09%; top: 24.06%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 80.64%; top: 24.32%; transform: scaleX(1.02937);">and others </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 8.62%; top: 26%; transform: scaleX(1.01741);">explicitly attributed their support for it to the book.</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 51.13%; top: 25.73%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 51.72%; top: 26%; transform: scaleX(0.992736);">Litchfield and Kentish were invited to give evi</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 8.62%; top: 27.68%; transform: scaleX(1.01566);">dence to an important Parliamentary Select Committee,</span><span aria-owns="pdfjs_internal_id_337R" dir="ltr" style="left: 53.19%; top: 27.68%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 55.22%; top: 27.68%; transform: scaleX(1.02207);">which in turn influenced further measures </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 8.62%; top: 29.36%; transform: scaleX(1.02224);">aiming to restrict the Act.</span></span></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">They suggest that '<span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 11.06%; top: 34.4%; transform: scaleX(1.0262);">While it was without doubt the most important scandal to have engulfed the Abortion Act, more </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 8.62%; top: 36.07%; transform: scaleX(1.03604);">than forty years on,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 24.56%; top: 36.07%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 25.25%; top: 36.07%; transform: scaleX(0.986526);"><i>Babies for Burning</i></span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 40.21%; top: 36.07%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 40.91%; top: 36.07%; transform: scaleX(1.02473);">has been largely forgotten' but that '</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 8.62%; top: 47.82%; transform: scaleX(1.0156);">the ongoing use of media</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 65.03%; top: 47.82%;"> </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 65.63%; top: 47.81%;">‘</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 66.07%; top: 47.82%; transform: scaleX(0.971616);">stings</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 70.56%; top: 47.81%;">’</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 70.99%; top: 47.82%; transform: scaleX(1.00137);">... [has] become a </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="left: 8.62%; top: 49.5%; transform: scaleX(1.01535);">significant and recurrent feature of [the Act's] life'.</span></span> </p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"> </span></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-3070412705006571682023-04-29T16:58:00.000+01:002023-04-29T16:58:22.085+01:00Some minor updating as to what I've been up to<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images.routledge.com/common/jackets/amazon/978103225/9781032259963.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="350" height="523" src="https://images.routledge.com/common/jackets/amazon/978103225/9781032259963.jpg" width="350" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">My chapter, '<span lang="EN-US">The
Afterlives of Victorian Scandals: </span><span lang="EN-US">The Memorable, the Neglected, the Factitious', appeared in </span><span lang="EN-US"></span>Brenda Ayres, Sarah E. Maier (eds), <i><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Victorian-Scandals-in-Literature-and-Culture/Ayres-Maier/p/book/9781032259963" target="_blank">The Routledge Handbook of Victorian Scandals in Literature and Culture</a> </i>(2023).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">I have <a href="http://lesleyahall.blogspot.com/2023/01/paradoxes-and-contradictions-among.html" target="_blank">previously mentioned</a> my chapter, 'Send in the Clones?: Naomi Mitchison and the Politics of Reproduction and Motherhood' in James Purdon (ed), <i><a href="https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-naomi-mitchison.html">Naomi Mitchison: A Writer in Time</a></i> (Edinburgh UP, 2023) (glorious cover).</span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">I've also contributed pieces on <span><a href="https://www.victorianweb.org/science/maternity/uvic/4.html">Abortion</a> and <a href="https://www.victorianweb.org/science/maternity/uvic/3.html">Birth Control</a>, to the <a href="https://www.victorianweb.org/science/maternity/uvic/index.html">Victorian Web: Pregnancy and Childbirth in the Age of Victoria</a> as well as a <a href="https://www.victorianweb.org/science/health/infantmortalitybibl.html" target="_blank">bibliography on Infant Mortality</a>.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">Also on a related topic, a tribute to the pioneer woman doctor and birth control advocate <a href="https://www.pascal-theatre.com/biographies/alice-vickery/" target="_blank">Alice Vickery</a>, as part of Pascal Theatre Company's <a href="https://www.pascal-theatre.com/project/introduction-and-women/" target="_blank">Women in 19th Century Bloomsbury</a> Project. </span> </div><p></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-227449517923032602023-03-08T16:04:00.005+00:002023-03-08T16:04:32.348+00:00International Women's Day 1923: will this centenary be celebrated?<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://womenslegallandmarks.com/2017/08/08/matrimonial-causes-act-1923/">The Matrimonial Causes Act 1923 </a><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I am not sure whether this is generally considered a major leap forward in the advancement of women in England, but the writer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemence_Dane">Clemence Dane</a> certainly believed it was:</span></p><blockquote><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">[T]his slip of paper is one of the most important scraps
of paper in the history of women, in the history, at any rate, of English women.... [it] defined, so long as
England and the English idea shall endure, the status of women: it concedes for
the first time her absolute right as a human being to the same law and the same
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Clemence Dane, <i>The Woman'</i><i>s
Side</i> 1926, pp. 106-7)</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">I.e. it legally recognised a Single Moral Standard between the sexes, rather than having a much higher bar of marital misconduct in the male for authorising the dissolution of marriage. While it did not go anything like as far in establishing the wider grounds for divorce as some bodies had advocated to the Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce prior to the Great War, nonetheless it was a significant step in making divorce more available.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">It is not entirely easy to ascertain how far women took advantage of this new measure. In spite of the difficulties under the previous law a significant number of divorces had been sought and achieved by women. Under the new law (and possibly even before), there was a social convention that, if a couple wished to divorce, and were not on completely hostile terms, they would come to an arrangment whereby, whatever the rights and wrongs of the situation, the husband would let the wife divorce him by providing evidence of adultery. This would obviously somewhat exaggerate the statistics.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Even if he was the guilty party, the man might spare the reputation of the woman he might, after all, intend to marry once his first union was dissolved, by employing the services of a hired co-respondent, who would provide 'evidence' by going with him to a hotel, where the bill would reveal that he had taken a double room. and the pair would be discovered by the maid who brought the morning tea. The actress and nightclub entrepreneur Elsa Lanchester described in her autobiography, <i>Elsa Lanchester Herself</i> how as a penurious young woman she would undertake this masquerade - no actual sex was involved, they would usually play cards to occupy the time. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">An instance of this 'judicial farce' was recently revealed when the papers of the solicitor who handled <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/22/wallis-simpson-new-divorce-details-revealed-in-solicitors-notes">Wallis Simpson's 1936 divorce from her husband</a> were opened in 2019. The hotel to which Ernest Simpson took his anonymous companion - 'the woman named' - was very proud of its reputation for discretion about its guests and therefore reluctant to disclose any information to the inquiry agent.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">It was not until 1937 that AP Herbert's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1937">Matrimonial Causes Act</a> finally extended the grounds beyond adultery, and even then the action remained adversarial and based in concepts of 'guilt' and 'innocence'.</span><br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p> </p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-21258056688867834982023-02-28T20:17:00.000+00:002023-02-28T20:17:03.695+00:00The archivist regrets...<p>I was recently reminded by discussions elsewhere of a rather gloom-making instance of a very prolonged interaction, or rather, recurrent interactions, I was involved in during my years as an acquiring archivist. This was possibly the <i>most</i> frustrating case in my recollection - which professional omerta forbids me from actually naming, and indeed, such are the mysteries of what organisations do with their records and then forget they've done until they suddenly turn up where no-one expects them, I should like to think that not all hope is gone...</p><p>This was different from the annoyance that was created when we had, over a period of years (we thought) nurtured a relationship with the last surviving inheritors of a pretty much defunct organisation, and persuaded them that their archives were of permanent historical value, and ought to be somewhere other than somebody's cellar. And then they turned around and placed the records in Another Repository. With which, I suppose, there was some relevant connection, and at least the records survived and had been placed in safe custody.</p><p>There was the case where the person
who had the papers of an organisation in which they had been a prime
mover and was quite happy for them to come to us, died suddenly, and
whoever cleared the house just chucked them into the skip. That was immensely infuriating. <br /></p><p>But this one I first mentioned: the frustration came because I had actually seen the records, which had at one time been in the hands of a research centre within a university. As was the way of research centres, this was, I think, defunded, or at least ceased to engage in activities involving the holding of archives, and one collection they had been holding came into our care, but another, related, collection, went back to the creating organisation.</p><p>Attempts to gather in this collection, which was substantial and would have been of considerable importance, and related closely to other materials we already held, persisted over a period of decades. Unfortunately we would make an approach and things would seem to be moving along and then the person with whom we had been dealing left, or moved to a different post, or there was a general reshuffle, and re-ordering of priorities, and it was down the snake back to square one.</p><p>There were a few occasions when researchers were permitted to consult these archives on site. <br /></p><p>At one point we heard the rather horrifying news that it had been decided to microfilm the records in the interests of saving space. The collection was significant enough that we were even prepared to take it in this form that would be a nightmare to process and catalogue. On the whole one is perhaps just slightly relieved that they did not go overboard in digitising in the really early days of that becoming a possibility, because while microfilm is not a preservation medium, it's a good deal more robust than most digital media.</p><p>But it was back to snakes-and-ladders and silences and this remains one of the regrets of my archival career. Still, maybe one day somebody will look a filing cabinet drawer and wonder what are all these boxes of microfilm - </p><p>One may only hope they don't just throw them out.<br /></p><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-84270864541248551542023-01-16T14:39:00.002+00:002023-10-10T09:59:12.481+01:00Paradoxes and contradictions among early twentieth-century birth control activists<p> I was extremely gratified last week to see the updated Edinburgh University Press webpage for the forthcoming volume of essays, <a href="https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-naomi-mitchison.html">Naomi Mitchison: A Writer in Time</a>, edited by James Purdon, which has this absolutely gorgeous cover:</p><p><img alt="Naomi Mitchison" aria-hidden="false" class="fotorama__img" height="320" src="https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/media/catalog/product/cache/c57119711f6f6be310d32fe7539c40f3/9/7/9781474494748.jpg" width="214" /> <br /></p><p></p><p>My essay is 'Send in the Clones?: Naomi Mitchison and the Politics of Reproduction and Motherhood'.</p><p>In this there was so much to address about Mitchison's own involvement with ideas on these subjects over her long life, in her activism, non-fiction writing, and in both realist and science fiction, that I did not have space to address her position as one of several leading figures in the interwar birth control movement who found themselves in a somewhat parodoxical and rather contradictory position.</p><p>When women in the 1920s began speaking out about the necessity for birth control and setting up clinics, this was taken in itself as a sign of immorality. The worthy founders of the Manchester, Salford and District Mothers' Clinic, were not only decried from the local Catholic pulpit as 'attempting to introduce unnatural vices' but 'the kind of idle women who visit matinees and sit with cigarettes between their painted lips'*: a very misleading characterisation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stocks,_Baroness_Stocks">Mary Stocks</a> and Charis Frankenberg (discussed in Mo Moulton's <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/21/mutual-admiration-society-dorothy-l-sayers-mo-moulton-review"><i>The Mutual Admiration Society</i></a><i> </i>(2019)), who probably saw themselves as rather dowdy social workers.</p><p>In order to avoid the associations with immorality and accusations of promoting vice and promiscuity, the birth control movement leaned, with reason, on the figure of the overburdened multiparous married women and the gains for maternal, and also infant, welfare, to be accrued through fewer, better-spaced, pregnancies. The Workers' Birth Control Group, set up by women in the Labour Party in 1924 to lobby for advice as part of publicly funded welfare services, presented itself as representing working mothers, and therefore, 'control of its policy was to be in the hands of men and women who had known the responsibility of parenthood' (apart from Dorothy Jewson, MP, as there were no married Labour women MPs at the time).** This occluded the contributions to their activities of the very unmarried and childless <a href="http://www.lesleyahall.net/webdoc4.htm">Stella Browne</a>.<br /></p><p>The public image of the birth control movement, therefore, was heavily invested in rhetorics of conventional marriage and parenthood, even if there was also a commitment to new egalitarian models of these relationships.</p><p><i>However</i>, a significant number of the leading figures in the movement, including Mitchison, saw birth control and women's reproductive agency as part of a wider vision of transformed relationships, not merely on the theoretical level, but in practice. Mitchison, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Rosa_Wright">Helena Wright</a>, <a href="https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0215">Margery Spring-Rice</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Pyke">Margaret Pyke</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Russell">Dora Russell</a> and <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/1/4977/1242">Joan Malleson</a>, herself lived a life of unconventional relationships and evolving new moralities (these did not always work out well, as the disastrous end of the marriage of Dora and Bertrand Russell demonstrated). Mitchison also revealed, in an oral history interview late in life, that although the birth control movement was careful to dissociate itself from abortion, nonetheless at the North Kensington Women's Welfare Centre, where she had been a volunteer, they all knew people who would perform abortions and helped out women in desperate trouble.***<br /></p><p>So there was a careful negotiation going on over public-facing presentation and those more private beliefs and behaviour, which might possibly have been expressed in certain sympathetic niche venues.</p><p>There was also rather careful negotiation going on with the Eugenics Society. On the whole, the birth control movement was much more interested in improving the lot of actual women in the present and their immediate offspring, than improving the quality of generations yet to come. Some activists had more, and some a good deal less, sympathy with the concept of eugenics, and work on individual clinics has indicated that this varied a lot from clinic to clinic, but that eugenic considerations very seldom had any bearing on actual practice.</p><p>[<b>Later thought added</b>] Women birth control activists might also have felt somewhat leery of a body which saw them (and educated white middle-class women generally) as a eugenically desirable demographic whose primary duty ought to be breeding for The Nation. Marie Stopes herself had no truck with that line and voiced forceful objections in <i>Radiant Motherhood</i>. Mitchison, it must be said, was very unusual in this cohort with her seven children: but also (this is discussed in my essay forthcoming in the book!) expressed strong political cavils to C. P. Blacker of the Eugenics Society on the basis of her left-wing convictions.<br /></p><p><i>However</i>, the Eugenics Society had money, and the birth control movement, like most organisations primarily founded and run by women, did not. It lacked the resources of society charity available to the much more respectable <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1035938/">National Birthday Trust Fund</a> aimed at improving conditions of childbirth. Because birth control was still regarded rather dubiously even after 1930 when the Ministry of Health had conceded that advice might be given in local authority maternal welfare clinics, and the Lambeth Conference had conceded that it might have a licit place in Christian marriage, a lot of possibilities for fund-raising were not accessible. Mitchison, in her novel <i>We Have Been Warned</i> (1934), has the clinic in 'Sallington' scraping by on the proceeds of jumble sales and amateur dramatic performances. </p><p>A wealthy organisation prepared to put up the money for among other things, research into improvements in contraception was a great temptation. Especially when another tempter was the commercial sector - <a href="https://londonrubbercompany.com/Author">Jess Borge in <i>Protective Practices</i></a> has shown how the London Rubber Company was extremely eager to make use of the National Birth Control Association/Family Planning Association for its own ends (the archives indicate that they were far from unique in this respect). Given the very longstanding stigmatisation of birth control propagandists as shills for the rubbergoods and abortifacient industry, the movement had to be extremely cautious about any commercial tie-in.</p><p>So, really, the birth control movement between the wars, and indeed, well into the 1960s, was engaged in a very delicate balancing act among paradoxical positions and living with contradictions.</p><p>*<span style="font-size: x-small;">Mary Stocks, <i>My Commonplace Book</i> (1970), p 161, cited in Audrey Leathard, <i>The Fight for Family Planning </i>(1980), p. 32.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">**Workers Birth Control Group files in the Dora Russell papers at the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, nos 402 and 403. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">***<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Transcript
of interview with Naomi Mitchison by Barbara Evans, 1982, for biography of Dr
Helena Wright: Papers of Philip Rainsford Evans and Barbara Evans in the
Wellcome Library, PP/PRE/J.1/24</span> </span></p><p> <br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-19563181366422489042022-11-12T18:17:00.000+00:002022-11-12T18:17:24.037+00:00White gloves are not a sign of good archival/library handling practice<p>Yesterday I engaged on a certain social media site which shall be nameless with somebody expressing horror at another person posting photos of an event he had been to involving manuscripts and, o horrors, <i>they were handling them without white gloves</i>. Which is absolutely right and proper, and considered the best practice across a broad swathe of libraries, archives, and manuscript collections.</p><p>Indeed, as this person went so far as to adduce the British Library as a place where one was obliged to glove up, I posted the <a href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2011/08/white-gloves-or-not-white-gloves.html">BL's own guidelines on the subject</a>:</p><blockquote><p>Essentially, we recommend that it is preferable to handle manuscripts
with clean dry hands. Wearing cotton gloves to hold or turn the pages of
a book or manuscript actually reduces manual dexterity, and increases
the likelihood of causing damage. Gloves also have a tendency to
transfer dirt to the object being consulted, and to dislodge pigments or
inks from the surface of pages.</p></blockquote><p>During my own years working in research libraries as an archivist, and doing research in a range of institutions holding research materials in three continents, I can recall only one in which I was presented with a pair of - grubby, ill-fitting - white cotton gloves. While I was very grateful to have access to the correspondence between a significant cultural figure of the early twentieth century and their common-law spouse, held at a certain US educational establishment I shall not name, I had considerable qualms about the general conditions of its preservation.</p><p>I was handed a large flat box, which did not appear to be of acid-free material, containing shifting about it, loose, correspondence still in envelopes, unsorted, unfiled: rather than - as one might have hoped, removed from envelopes, flattened, attached to containing envelopes with non-corrosive clips, filed in chronological order in acid free files... It is also <i>very difficult</i> to extract letters in this condition while wearing manky cotton gloves. I am not saying that the situation was in the wider view fortunate, but the invigilation was sufficiently lax that I was able to take off the gloves without adverse notice, and thus removed the letters without damaging them.</p><p>The media, however, loves white gloves when showing people handling archives, manuscripts and rare volumes. I fear that this is a form of 'virtue-signalling', given some of my experiences involving media people and these precious materials (okay, the production company that wanted us to send some of a archive over to their studio for them to film - without the kinds of pre-arrangement for insurance, supervision conditions, etc that might render such a request acceptable - was making a particularly unusual demand). White gloves demonstrate that they <i>care</i>: even if clean hands would be better.</p><p>There are some specific instances, as the BL guidelines indicate, when gloves <i>are</i> appropriate. The gloves, however, should be for preference nitrile, not cotton.<br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-41721242549065594682022-10-13T16:44:00.000+01:002022-10-13T16:44:56.508+01:00Too short-sighted to breed from (not actually Julian Huxley)<p>I have been very struck, in reading the reviews of Alison Bashford's new and highly praised study of the Huxleys, that they all mention that Julian Huxley was solicited to become the father of another man's child by artificial insemination. At which I went, 'hang on, wasn't it Huxley who said he had reservations about that because of his degree of myopia?'</p><p>I've now managed to dig up the reference and it <i>wasn't </i>Huxley, and it wasn't in response to an actual solicitation to donate eugenically desirable sperm, it was a hypothetical response in the course of a discussion in the mid-1940s debates on the topic, by another distinguished member of the Eugenics Society:</p><blockquote><p>I do not regard myself as a proper person to act as a donor because I have five degrees of myopia in both eyes as well as certain other minor disabilities. (SA/EUG/D/6 '<a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/emanm5c5">Artificial Insemination</a>')<br /></p></blockquote><p>(Although I think the individual in the question did have offspring of his marriage...)</p><p>People are regularly horrified by Marie Stopes dissing on her prospective daughter-in-law, a university graduate and the daughter of a distinguished scientist, on the grounds that she wore spectacles and would give Stopes grandchildren who also wore this disfiguring assistive technology. It is fairly obvious that Marie would have found some objection to whoever her son brought home with a view to marriage, given her particularly egregious manifestation of Mother-in-Law syndrome. But she was by no means unique in this stigmatisation of (by this time) fairly common visual defects requiring the habitual use of spectacles.</p><p>In a symposium on birth control held by the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, published in the <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011423673&view=1up&seq=218"><i>Medical Critic and Guide</i> in 1922</a>, the Communist doctor Eden Paul expressed very adverse views on</p><blockquote><p>the survival of persons with grave eye defects, short-sight, astigmatism, etc., who would, but for spectacles and the absence of a fierce struggle for existence on the biologic plane, be eliminated before they could perpetuate their defective type.</p></blockquote><p>I am not sure this belief - as opposed to the general perception of spectacles as disfiguring (Dorothy Parker on 'Men seldom make passes at girls who wear glasses') and characters in movies removing them to be revealed as sexy stunners - has yet been thoroughly explored.</p><p>(This theme was brought to my mind by a query about familial myopia issues during an eye-test this morning.) <br /></p><p> </p><p><br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-89472909301959877282022-09-20T13:01:00.000+01:002022-09-20T13:01:16.428+01:00The Marie Lloyd mishmash of myths<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">I can't help it: I am massively irked when people go on reiterating some factoid that I have done the research on and know is misleading if not completely false. I am but one small pedantic voice, alas, and the false popular story is almost always a good deal simpler and more memorable than what happened, if anything actually happened at all.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">There may well be even more myths about that famous music hall artiste Marie Lloyd that I haven't come across - I've encountered these in the context of censorship - or that have merely slipped my mind, but there are a couple that are extremely persistent and often circulated, that cannot be proved to have any solid basis. In at least one case the story is a dramatic exaggeration of the rather dull bureaucratic actuality, followed by the caution of music hall managements over what was permitted on stage.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Some responsibility undoubtedly lies with early biographers: Naomi Jacob, in <i>Our Marie (Marie Lloyd): A Biography</i> (1936) writes as one who did have a substantial personal knowledge of music-hall of the period, but was inclined to rely on anecdote without bothering to do any checking, while the narrative rambles chronologically in a somewhat frustrating fashion. This is, I suspect, where this particular tale originated:</span></span></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Years ago, the Watch Committee, or the Morality Committee, or the Committee for Public Safety, or some such collection of prurient-minded old gentlemen, made a fuss about her songs.... She was ordered to appear... and allow this committee of old men to decide if those songs were fit for the ears of London and the provinces. (p.137.)<br /></span></span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">This begs a lot of questions. What authority would such a committee have to 'order' Our Marie to appear, and to, as Jacob proceeds to recount, perform several of her well-known songs for over an hour very pointedly in the blandest and most innocuous style, following up with a salacious rendition of popular Victorian parlour ballads? (The potential for invoking a lewd subtext in such works as 'Come into the garden, Maud', had been commented on at least as early as 1890 by a Mr GS Elliott in a speech condemning censorious attitudes to music-hall songs: 'Music Hall Gossip', <i>The Era</i>, 15 Feb 1890.)<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The real-life event in question was the objection by the Social Purity Branch of the British Women's Temperance Association, represented by Mrs Carina Reed (not a prurient-minded old gentleman but a social purity activist), to the renewal of the license of the Oxford Music Hall, in the autumn of 1896. This was amply documented in the contemporary press, and surely if Miss Lloyd had been personally summoned before the London County Council licensing committee it would have been all over the papers. Lloyd's saucy song <a href="https://monologues.co.uk/musichall/Songs-W/Whats-That-For.htm">'What's That For, Eh?' aka 'I've Asked Johnny Jones'</a> was only one of the grounds upon which objections were being raised, which included alleged prostitution on the promenades and drinking in the auditorium. Lloyd was not present, but, and this is possibly sufficiently amusingly incongruous that one wishes history had been more attentive to the actual facts, the entire song, verses and chorus, was read out by one Mr Baillache, on behalf of the Social Purity Branch of the Women's Temperance Association. He quoted these 'at length, so that the committee might better appreciate their purport', i.e. detached from any innuendo or 'business' that Lloyd might have brought in performance: indeed it is hard to envisage an innocuous reading of the song.* (<i>Illustrated Police News</i>, 24 Oct 1896, p. 6.)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The committee granted the licence, but conceded that 'greater care ought to be exercised in the selection of songs'. Music halls complied. As a result Marie Lloyd asked her songwriters for a new number: '<a href="https://monologues.co.uk/musichall/Songs-Y/You-Cant-Stop-A-Girl-From-Thinking.htm">You Can't Stop A Girl From Thinking</a>' (R. A. Baker, <i>Marie Lloyd, Queen of the Music Halls</i>, 1990, p. 69):</span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG8_Wq_JnrwVP5Ptr1gFad25-_ZkguW4PxTFIENxlqZIw3leZlAB-20m30h-LzlZhlRzzWCKArd-Ux6hMiEuOVWwfknMbOiNfNbRP2t7k7tMwLiifSe-mDQAl16xqpyTi2jCPOK7FAwLezhWQpav5x_aQb5cBylS8E7DfwVakpvLooVCsul9KSQl973Q/s1012/2013GU7195.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1012" data-original-width="735" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG8_Wq_JnrwVP5Ptr1gFad25-_ZkguW4PxTFIENxlqZIw3leZlAB-20m30h-LzlZhlRzzWCKArd-Ux6hMiEuOVWwfknMbOiNfNbRP2t7k7tMwLiifSe-mDQAl16xqpyTi2jCPOK7FAwLezhWQpav5x_aQb5cBylS8E7DfwVakpvLooVCsul9KSQl973Q/s320/2013GU7195.jpg" width="232" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">It is sometimes claimed that the song under contention in this case - or a song of Lloyd's that was objected to on some other occasion - had a line 'She sits among the cabbages [in some versions, lettuces] and peas' - or, as Jacob puts it, 'a song concerning the young lady who spent her quiet hours contemplating the vegetables in her garden'. On objection being raised - one version has Sir Henry Tozer (chairman of several music hall companies) storming into her dressing-room to complain - she inserted 'the name of another vegetable' (allegedly 'leeks') which 'didn't make the song any better from Sir Henry's point of view!' This seems particularly improbable when on the very same page Jacob mentions Lloyd's protesting another artiste's song as 'rude... It's a --<i>lavatory</i> song, that's what it is'. </span><span style="font-family: times;">(p. 196) </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Endeavouring to trace any song with these actual words, whether or not being performed by Marie Lloyd has proved somewhat difficult. It is widely quoted, yet Daniel Farson in <i>Marie Lloyd and Music Hall </i>(1972) reports Lloyd's sister Annie denying that she ever sang such a song and that Macqueen Pope (the theatre historian) agreed that although she was reputed to have sung a song about a market garden 'nobody has yet been found who heard her do so'. Farson says that on his advertising for reminiscences and memories of Lloyd in 1964 an elderly lady claimed that she had gone with her then fiance, before the First World War, to the Oxford Music Hall, and had seen Lloyd who sang this shortly after she had been 'taken to task by the censor... for a song in which she had gone into the garden and "pea'd".' (p. 68-9.) Farson saw 'no reason for disbelieving her' but it does not seem conclusive.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">There <i>was</i> a song of this or similar title but it seems associated with US vaudeville: 'Sits Among the Cabbages and Peas' appears under 'Parodies on Popular Songs' in an advertisement, ? early 1900s, for <i>The Vaudeville Prompter #4</i> in <a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Plays_of_the_19th_and_20th_Centuries/2L0YAQAAIAAJ">Plays of the 19th and 20th Centuries</a> Vol 27: this is unfortunately a very obscure publication of which copies have not yet been traced. Further mentions of the song have been found in reports such as 'Charley Stephens sang his favourite solo entitled "She sits among the cabbages and peas"', at a party held by the Onion Club, reported by <i>The Silver Standard</i>, Silver Plume, Colorado, 21 May 1904. Naomi Jacob referred (in scathing terms) to the 'American invasion, when every second-rate artiste in the United States was dumping inferior rubbish in the music-halls of England' (p.138), so it is possible that if it was featuring on the British music-hall stage it was from that direction. Possibly there were objections made as in the story, and these got attached to the much better-known Marie Lloyd (a syndrome one sees with 'inspirational' quotations attributed to noted wordmongers who would die of embarrassment if they knew).<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">But what these stories do, even though inaccurate in their details, is celebrate Lloyd's defiant spirit - although she complies with the censors, it's very much a malicious compliance obeying the strict ruling while undermining it. It is the spirit that, when she was humiliatingly not included in the Royal Command Performance in 1912** (to general shock and scandal), had special strips pasted across the posters where she was performing declaring 'Every performance by Marie Lloyd is a Command Performance. By Order of the British Public' (Farson, p. 96).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">* <span style="font-size: x-small;">Derek B Scott refers to </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="font-family: serif; left: 94.4882px; top: 367.999px; transform: scaleX(0.840979);">'the gestures, winks, and knowing smiles that she employed to lend suggestive</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="font-family: serif; left: 94.4882px; top: 388.001px; transform: scaleX(0.840024);">ness to apparently innocent music hall songs, like “What’s That For, Eh?”' but the suggestiveness seems transparent in the words (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">'</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334273929_Music_Hall_Regulations_and_Behaviour_in_a_British_Cultural_Institution">Music Hall: Regulations and Behaviour in a British Cultural Institution</a>', <i>Muzikologija </i>2019(26)).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;">**</span></span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: times;"> Baker suggests that
her omission - at a time when she was one of the most popular artistes
of the day - was at least partly to do with her vigorous support for the 1907
Music Hall Strike (p.120). </span></span> </span></span></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-62443038128864668952022-08-26T19:59:00.001+01:002022-08-26T19:59:30.088+01:00Surely some misapprehension? British women's rights to bank accounts<p>I was given a considerable jolt when reading this afternoon online that in the UK women were not allowed to open bank accounts until 1975. Since I had been encouraged in the habit of thrift from an early age to save my pennies in a Trustee Savings Bank account, and had transferred the sum thus accumulated to a chequing account with what was then the National Provincial when I went to university in the mid-1960s (I am really not sure how it is supposed women received grants, salaries, etc <i>without</i> a bank account by the 1960s!) I was quite astonished to be informed that I had not been permitted this, which I clearly remembered having.<br /></p><p>In fact readers of Mrs Gaskell's charming novel <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/394"><i>Cranford</i></a><i> </i>(1853) will recall that the failure of the bank into which Miss Jenkyns had put the sisters' money forms an important element in such plot as the work has. Indeed the problem of joint-stock banks, and a caution against them, appears in a work published very shortly afterwards by 'A Banker's Daughter' (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Sophia_Galton">Emma Sophia Galton</a>), <a href="https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/view?docId=VAB7187"><i><span class="chunkTitle">Guide to the Unprotected in Every-day Matters Relating to Property
and Income</span></i></a><i><span class="chunkTitle"> </span></i><span class="chunkTitle">(1864)</span><i><span class="chunkTitle">:</span></i></p><p><i></i></p><blockquote><i>
<p>A lady should not on <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">any account</span></em> take
any Shares whatever in a Joint-Stock Bank, Mine, Partnership, or any other
joint trading concern, unless it be established under the new “Limited
Liability” Act, as otherwise she is liable to lose her last penny if the Bank
or speculation should fail. Even if “limited,” they should not be invested in
without the greatest possible caution, nor until after very careful inquiries
have been satisfactorily answered. <br /></p></i></blockquote><p></p><p>The NatWest summary of '<a href="https://www.natwestgroup.com/heritage/subjects/women-in-banking.html">Women in Banking</a>' suggests that there were female customers of banks from their early days in the late seventeenth century while some women, members of banking families, actually became partners in the business.<br /></p><p>That might be taken as, oh well, single women and widows, but it was different if women were married <i>femmes couvertes</i> who had no rights to their own money. That was certainly so up to the late nineteenth century, but the <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/45-46/75/enacted">Married Women’s Property Act 1882</a> Clause 6 specifically states:</p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><i>All deposits in any post office or other savings bank, or in any other bank, all annuities granted by the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt or by any other person, and all sums forming part of the public stocks or funds, or of any other stocks or funds transferable in the books of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, or of any other bank, which at the commencement of this Act are standing in the sole name of a married woman, and all shares, stock, debentures, debenture stock, or other interests of or in any corporation, company, or public body, municipal, commercial, or otherwise, or of or in any industrial, provident, friendly, benefit, building, or loan society, which at the commencement of this Act are standing in her name, shall be deemed, unless and until the contrary be shown, to be the separate property of such married woman; and the fact that any such deposit, annuity, sum forming part of the public stocks or funds, or of any other stocks or funds transferable in the books of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England or of any other bank, share, stock, debenture, debenture stock, or other interest as aforesaid, is standing in the sole name of a married woman, shall be sufficient prima facie evidence that <b>she is beneficially entitled thereto for her separate use, so as to authorise and empower her to receive or transfer the same, and to receive the dividends, interest, and profits thereof, without the concurrence of her husband</b>, and to indemnify the Postmaster General, the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt, the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland, and all directors, managers, and trustees of every such bank, corporation, company, public body, or society as aforesaid, in respect thereof.</i> <br /></p></blockquote><p>It is not beyond possibility (alas) that banks - or individual bank managers - may have instituted policies requiring women to get husbands to countersign when they opened accounts or tried to raise loans: but nonetheless women, single or married, in the UK - unlike, it would appear, their sisters in the USA or certain European nations up to the mid-twentieth century - were legally able to open bank accounts and have sole access to them.<br /></p>
<p></p><p><i></i></p><p><i> <br /></i></p><blockquote><i><i><p> </p></i><br /></i></blockquote><p></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-37504495712339806992022-07-13T15:59:00.000+01:002022-07-13T15:59:08.666+01:00Collector's item - very rare, something for the private cupboard, sir?<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Currently in the process of looking through some boxes of my own archives, going back some considerable while, and coming across various ephemera and memorabilia that colleagues and friends passed on to me as possibly falling within my sphere of interest. One of which was the photocopy of a page from a catalogue of a sale at Christie's in the summer of 1992, 'The Property of Maxwell Business Communications Ltd' - this included various items of medical/pharmaceutical historical interest, so I can see why my colleague had it.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">One item was <i>A rare male contraceptive device, of animal membrane, with printed satirical scene, inscription 'Voila mon choix', and thread and silk tie, French, early 19th century - 7</i><span style="line-height: 107%;">⅞<i>in long. </i>(The satirical scene consists of a nun, two monks, and a bishop, all flashing one another.)<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyc_jhTygjvv3ZZuS0ntg-3seCpgx7TfZY1o5l1JvvcAuT-95dBMWYaMiUJb5mJR-MctUMa8j9OP9lirQlvVZy_j-a1weoYSh-3Kxl_MjqCtOh3qyC2SIRypalmX1dx-Ckm42tWC-lYf5-p9DlX-tXnBC74lMWKM9I-ENWen3E3w68Yn90ia77OuQ2Yw/s4300/christies%20condom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1807" data-original-width="4300" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyc_jhTygjvv3ZZuS0ntg-3seCpgx7TfZY1o5l1JvvcAuT-95dBMWYaMiUJb5mJR-MctUMa8j9OP9lirQlvVZy_j-a1weoYSh-3Kxl_MjqCtOh3qyC2SIRypalmX1dx-Ckm42tWC-lYf5-p9DlX-tXnBC74lMWKM9I-ENWen3E3w68Yn90ia77OuQ2Yw/s320/christies%20condom.jpg" width="320" /></a></i></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><br /></i></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">The <i>Times Diary</i>, 10 June 1992, reported that
'the dubious honour of auctioning the world's most collectible condom falls to
Christie's next month.... expected to to fetch up to £800'. In fact, it finally
went for £3300, to an art dealer purchasing on behalf of a Swedish client who
was said to be opening an erotica and pornography museum (<i>Aberdeen Press and
Journal</i>, 3 July 1992). This possibly remains the record amount paid for a
historical condom.</span></span></p>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Digging about to find out any more details on this, I discovered that Christie's did a certain amount of business in antique johnnies: in November the same years the Associated Press reported </span>'<a href="https://apnews.com/article/1a307c57319624c2dea8fce5881e4e10">Five 19th century condoms have been sold for more than $12,000 in an auction at Christies</a>' (one said to have been illustrated). <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/money/auctions-1504036.html">A 19th-century French reusable condom, 8 1/2 in long, made from animal
membrane with a yellow silk pull-string and maker's envelope inscribed
'moisten before using', was auctioned in 1993</a> and <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/auctions-1596912.html">two 19th-century condoms with blue silk drawstrings in 1995</a>. <a href="https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-1796444">Three C18th sheepgut condoms</a> were sold in 2000; and <a href="https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-3845362">one in 2001</a>, illustrated with a sketch of a sexual encounter.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">As historical items, the thought arises that these items must have very considerable conservation and storage requirements.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The other thought that arises is, did illustrating a condom affect its efficacy? What were the health and safety implications in use of the substances used to create the image? Or was an illustrated condom merely a novelty item not intended for actual use?</span></span><br /></span></p><p>
</p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-59948114278518689712022-06-11T15:41:00.000+01:002022-06-11T15:41:19.761+01:00Somehow, this keeps getting discussed, and then forgotten again, seems to me<blockquote><p>[T]he basis of female sexual pleasure has remained a relatively neglected
topic, probably because not having an orgasm does not affect female
fertility, according to Prof Mihaela Pavličev, an evolutionary biologist
at the University of Vienna. “The whole topic has been a bit weirdly
discussed,” she said. “For a long time it wasn’t interesting to the
medical community. All the focus has been on men with ejaculation
problems["]</p></blockquote><p>And goes on to invoke Freud! in 2022!</p><p>Maybe I'm remembering a different history to everybody else and am on a different timeline? But quite apart from all the discussions in the 1970s around female sexuality and female pleasure, and the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shere_Hite">Shere Hite</a>, there's a much longer history of talking about female pleasure and how assumptions based on a simple penetrative act pleasurable for the male partner weren't necessarily useful?</p><p>Admittedly, the early advice writers such as Marie Stopes, Theodoor van der Velde, Helena Wright and other pioneers had to frame their recommendations within monogamous marriage and usually the assumption that the husband would be the one to initiate, arouse and satisfy his wife, but at least they gave instructions.</p><p>Alfred Kinsey's work resulting in the published study <i>Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female</i> (1953) led him to the conclusion that clitoral stimulation, and not penetration, was the desideratum for female sexual gratification.</p><p><i>Anyway. </i>Whether or not the 'medical community' has been interested in the topic - van der Velde was a physician, the women doctors such as Helena Wright and Joan Malleson who were involved with the Family Planning Association were <i>very</i> interested, so what medical community are we talking about? - there is a substantial literature going back over a century discussing What Women Want and suggesting ways of providing it to them.<br /></p><p> <br /></p><p><br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-34321549850035185132022-05-31T14:32:00.000+01:002022-05-31T14:32:17.556+01:00What is the 'correct' number of archives to visit?<p>I was, I may say, as both an archivist and a historian, somewhat beswozzled to encounter, yesterday via Twitter, an account of one historian putting down another after the latter had given a talk at the former's institution: '<span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">asked me how many archives I had visited. Less than 10 was not enough'.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">What on earth, I thought.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">It would be, I tweeted, rather more pertinent to ask 'how many <i>collections</i>' had been consulted, rather than the number of repositories, since there are repositories which are the go-to sites of pilgrimage for the fields in which they collect.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Certainly one should not focus on a single personal or institutional archive to the neglect of all others. When I started my PhD, back when dinosaurs roamed the Euston Road, and primeval word-processors for the home user only came along when I was partway through the endeavour, I had one large and rich primary source in the letters received by Marie Stopes from the public (Wellcome Library, PP/MCS/A). However (although one reviewer of the subsequent book claimed I had only looked at one archive: because there were just so many firsthand accounts from the early C20th by British males of their sexual troubles that I could have used*?) I did consult other sources. Looking at the bibliography of my thesis I consulted seven other collections in the Wellcome, the Stopes papers in the British Library as well as those of her first husband, Reginald Ruggles Gates, the Mass Observation 'Little Kinsey' survey, records of the Church of England Purity Society and the papers of Lord Baden-Powell. Also, since I was fortunate enough to make a trip to Australia during that time, the Norman Haire papers at the University of Sydney.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">That's still only half-a-dozen actual archival repositories, poor show?</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">However, counting up the places I visited in order to write my biography of Stella Browne, it comes to over 30, though I will concede that there were 2 or 3 I didn't visit in person because the kind archivists provided me with copies of the relevant materials. (I'm not totting up the number of actual collections, which would be considerably greater). Three continents. 6 countries.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Do I win? Do I?</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">It's not a <i>game</i>. You don't get points for visiting X number of archives, it's not a Quest where you have to gather up a certain number of plot coupons. You gain points for knowing where to go and finding relevant material.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">I concede that there may be fields of study where seeing the various angles and sides of the issue - I think particularly of anything to do with international affairs - will involve going to different places (though again, is there an as it were canonical number?). However, the extent to which individual scholars can cover the ground is going to depend on a lot of factors not necessarily in their own control.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Even with a fairly local study a certain amount of going somewhere else to follow up the trail may be involved. E.g. the hypothetical case of 'Muck, Brass, and Subterreanean Passions: Sewage Reform in [Victorian industrial centre] 1855-1865'. Yes, doubtless the local record office has the records of the local authority, of local worthies involved, of local bodies agitating for or against sanitary reforms, of the Medical Officer of Health if there was one. Maybe records of the local industries, though with time and change these may have been taken over and amalgamated and if their records survive they may be somewhere else entirely. Ditto for records of local landowners, which may be held at their other estates.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Then, of course, The National Archives and the Parliamentary Archive will have something to offer. There may have been contacts with sanitation reformers whose archives are preserved elsewhere.</span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">And no, not everything is all online now! Physical visits may still be involved. But if you can do it from the comfort of home, no points get deducted.<br /></span></p><p><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">*<span style="font-size: x-small;">Since then, of course, oral historians such as Steve Humphries, Kate Fisher and Simon Szreter and others have undertaken significant work in this field. As a part-time PhD researcher I didn't really have the resources for that. Also, while I think this sort of work is excellent and important, it cannot have the immediacy of the letters written by Stopes' contemporaries.</span><br /></span></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-39455415043220258392022-05-24T20:54:00.005+01:002022-05-25T10:19:30.247+01:00I am somewhat cynical about his claims to expertise<p>I have over the last year or so become intrigued by the popular - at least, from the number of copies of his works that turn up on the secondhand market, I assume he was popular - writer of works in the general field of sexology in the early twentieth century, George Ryley Scott (1886-1955). This was partly due to discovering a somewhat startling assertion in one of the entries in <i>Scott's Encyclopaedia of Sex</i> (1939) which made me want to explore how authoritative one might consider him.</p><p class="MsoNormal">On the whole I think he can be put down as somebody who made a good living (one presumes) from churning out works of advice on sex, marriage, birth control, and venereal disease, studies of <i>Curious customs of sex and marriage</i>, <i>Phallic worship: a history of sex and sexual rites</i>, <i>The History of Torture</i>, <i>The History of Corporal Punishment</i>, <i>A History of Prostitution </i>and<i> Far Eastern Sex Life</i>. He also wrote on nudism, the laws of obscenity, poultry-keeping, cock-fighting, and tips for writing. Many of his works were first published by T. Werner Laurie, characterised by Wikipedia as 'a publisher <span lang="EN-US">of books that were avant-garde in some
cases, racy in others' or Torchstream, which seems to have concentrated on the racy.</span></p>
<p>He does not seem to be what one might call a practising sexologist: he was not a medical doctor and does not seem to have been part of the circles in which these discussions were taking place. He did apparently apply for membership in the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology in 1927 but there is no mention of proposer or seconder and the application does not seem to have been proceeded with (Minutes of the British Sexology Society in the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin).</p><p class="MsoNormal">The National Birth Control Association was not prepossessed by his work on birth control. EF Griffith reported to the Medical Subcommittee on 3 March 1935 'that "<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Birth Control" by G Ryley Scott appeared to be in every way unsatisfactory and
inaccurate'; it was decided to recommend to the publishers to withdraw the book, offering a list of the current literature on the subject 'which
might cause him to be better informed'. In May the Executive Committee sent a letter to Ryley Scott suggesting
that he should refer anyone needing information to
NBCA. Griffith undertook to try getting into personal touch with publishers to find
out if the book had already been published; if not to consult a solicitor about writing a letter
to publishers concerning the author's inaccuracies and suggesting publication was inadvisable (Family Planning Association Archives in the Wellcome Library, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">SA/FPA/A.5/2</span>).</span></p>
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<![endif]--> </p><p>He did sport Fellowships of the Philosophical Society of England, the Royal Anthropological Institute and the Zoological Society, but these were all, at the date in question, open to any individual with a demonstrable interest in the subject, in the case of the Zoological Society provided they could obtain a proposer and seconder from among existing fellows.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal">However, these qualification were very probably sufficient to obtain him the <i>entr<span lang="EN-US">ée</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> to the materials in 'Cupboard' in the British Museum Reading Room that would have been necessary for his endeavours. His obituary in the <i>Central Somerset Gazette</i>, 4 Feb 1955 mentions his 'intensive research (he spent hours in the British Museum)'*.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">All this inclines me to scepticism. Maybe he was sounder on chickens?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">*A further thought: I read somewhere - memory suggests it was a comment by the narrator in Hunter Davies' novel <i>Here We Go Round The Mulberry Bush </i>(1968) - that if you copy from one book it's plagiarism; if you copy from two or more, it's RESEARCH.<br /></span></p>
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
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<![endif]--></p>
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<w:TrackMoves/>
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<![endif]--></p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-55160059935172379262022-04-14T15:25:00.005+01:002022-04-14T17:06:02.223+01:00Childbirth, chronology and contributory causes<p> <a href="‘I was told they didn’t offer C-sections’ – the dangerous obsession with ‘natural births’">An article in today's <i>Guardian</i> on recent shocking scandals over childbirth</a> mentions the important influence of Grantly Dick Read on the rise of the concept of 'natural childbirth.</p><p>I would point out that while Glaser suggests that Dick Read drew on exoticised notions of the 'primitive' - although he later invoked very dubious ideas about 'African women' and how easily they gave birth (we think that organisations which have been working for decades <a href="https://ethiopiaid.org.uk/how-we-help/maternal-health/">on maternal health issues</a> in various African countries such as vesico-vaginal fissure would be sceptical) - his initial legendary awakening that 'childbirth does not need to mean pain' actually occurred when he was a young medical student at the London Hospital, 'on the district' in Whitechapel, before the First World War. One night he was called out to a small, damp, and poorly lit room where he delivered a woman of her first child.She refused chloroform, and said after the child was born, ''<span class="inlineQuote">It didn't hurt. It wasn't meant to, was it Doctor?</span>'". Dick Read's 'African Safari' took place much later in his career, 1953-4, after his period of practice in South Africa, 1948-53.<br /></p><p>It was not until 1933 that he published his first work on the subject, <i>Natural Childbirth</i>. His teaching that women who knew what to expect when they went into labour, and who had been taught to relax, and thus did not not become tense and fearful, would be able to have a delivery without problems, did not, at that point, gain a great deal of traction. </p><p>This was not perhaps surprising at a date when a successful labour was one which ended with mother and child both alive, while rates of maternal and infant mortality were still high enough to be matters of public concern.<i> But</i> when he published the updated and revised <span class="work"><i>Revelation of Childbirth</i></span> (1942)/ <span class="work"><i>Childbirth without Fear</i></span> (1944 in the USA) the advent of antibiotics - first sulphanomides in the mid-1930s, and then penicillin - had made a dramatic difference*, as had significant developments in blood transfusion technology. Thus basic survival was no longer the first concern, and the quality of the experience was available for consideration. <br /></p><p>Also in the mix in the 1940s were the conditions under which women were giving birth: from the copious correspondence Dick Read began to receive - now <a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/n5r66w4k">preserved in the Wellcome Library</a>, some it of published in Mary Thomas, <i>Post-war mothers</i><i>: childbirth letters to Grantly Dick-Read</i> (1997) - these were far from optimum. Women wrote of being left alone in pain and fear, not knowing what was happening to them for hours: this must have been presumably at least partly due to pressure on resources under wartime/post-war/setting up of the NHS conditions. The concept of knowing what to expect, of having a strategy - breathing through the various stages - and a partner during birth was therefore very attractive.</p><p>One might also suggest that due to the discovery of the aetiology of rickets and the role of Vitamin D and sunlight, by the 1940s fewer women were likely to have pelvic deformities affecting labour from that cause.</p><p>It was, for its time, a revelation, but perhaps his theories should not have been taken up quite so much as a Universal Gospel.</p><p>(I am also given to raising my eyebrows when people describe 'natural childbirth' as being the offspring of 'second-wave feminism'. Dick Read was very far from being a feminist, what with the invocation of the simple primitive woman as the one who had not been corrupted by civilisation/education/listening to other women's horror stories into fear of childbirth, and the notion that, freed from that fear, women would be popping out babies liked whoah.)<br /></p><p>*<span style="font-size: x-small;">This had a similar impact on other attitudes: would <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11442682/">Bowlby and Robertson's work</a> on the need for parents to be with their childen in hospital been so acceptable at an earlier period, when the containment of infection was the prime concern?</span><br /></p><p><br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-8360720808918554202022-03-08T16:34:00.001+00:002022-03-08T16:34:27.613+00:00International Women's Day<p>Nothing really new, but I've discovered that <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/16107/20210313012635/http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/author/lesley/">old posts I did for the Wellcome Library blog</a>, 2008-2015, are still available courtesy of the Wayback Machine.</p><p>This is the one I did for IWD 2013: <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/16107/20210313034804/http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2013/03/paying-attention-to-what-women-say/">Paying attention to what women say</a>:</p><blockquote><p>International Women’s Day seems a good time to commemorate two amazing
(and long-lived!) women doctors and researchers whose major
breakthroughs were the result of listening to what women told them and
paying attention to the implications.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Their work reflects not only their own achievements as women scientists,
but a willingness to pay attention to and to value what women were
telling them about their own experiences.</p></blockquote><p>Another post with a bit more detail about the <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/16107/20210313034912/http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2010/10/go-ask-alice/">amazing Alice Stewart and her papers</a>. <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><div class="fluid-column">
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Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-60397290480387441802022-02-27T19:27:00.001+00:002022-02-27T19:27:38.874+00:00More of a question (or questions) than a comment, re literary censorship<p>Have just been reviewing a new study of censorship in England, review forthcoming in due course in a scholarly journal, but it mentioned, as have previous studies, without really delving into, the role of publishing in gatekeeping. This work, and earlier studies, have emphasised the 'miasmatic' effect of the haphazard operations of the distributed nature of censorship in England from the mid-nineteenth century up to the later decades of the twentieth (the acquittal of Penguin books over <i>Lady Chatterley's Lover</i> did not usher in a free-for all) and that this led to a degree of caution amongst publishers as to what they were prepared to take on.</p><p>What has not, as far as I know, yet been undertaken is an exploration of publishers' archives (many of which are now available in various repositories) to see how far considerations of fears of difficulties over censorship led them to engage in dialogue with authors over what was and what was not prudent to express. (Before it came to the question of the difference between publishing in hardback versus a more generally available cheap paperback, a central issue in Regina vs Penguin Books.) There may also, perhaps, be a record of this kind of process among the papers of authors themselves. What were the compromises that were negotiated to enable publication to proceed? <br /></p><p>I have also been given to wonder about the differing levels of what was permissable in different genres. In her memoir, <i>You May Well Ask</i>, Naomi Mitchison described the difficulties she had in publishing a novel of contemporary political and social life, <i>We Have Been Warned</i> (1934), in which she found that the freedom she had been accustomed to employ in her well-received historical novels in dealing with sexual mores met with entire horror. What had caused no problem when her characters wore 'wolfskins and togas' became potential matter for prosecution when they were clad in modern dress.</p><p>One also wonders whether the crime novel had certain liberties permitted.</p><p>On the more general question of who was an appropriate audience, I do not know if any work has been done on public libraries and either attempts to get potentially controversial literature onto the shelves for rate-payers' perusal, or protests by rate-payers that public money was being spent on noxious matter. A very anecdotal hint discovered when pursuing reception of the first Kinsey Report suggests some libraries had a system of certain tendentious items being kept 'in the Librarian's office' and only produced on request, with their approval.</p><p>Historical research, while answering some questions, will always tend to open up further lines of enquiry!<br /></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-34786212710035340112022-01-28T16:42:00.000+00:002022-01-31T12:24:22.482+00:00A ‘gross and barbarous operation’: when Baker Brown featured in the Divorce Court<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The phrase ‘hidden
from history’ is often very loosely invoked, so it is perhaps testimony to the <i>omert</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">à</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> of the British medical profession that the name and activities of Dr
Isaac Baker Brown were concealed from view for nearly a century after his death
in 1873. One might have anticipated that his views on the deleterious effects of
female masturbation and his proposed remedy of clitoridectomy would have
featured in the writings of late nineteenth and early twentieth- century sexologists,
but even Iwan Bloch, that tireless and uncritical snapper-up of sexual curiosa,
fails to mention the episode. Oddly, Havelock Ellis cited the views of one of
Brown’s opponents in his account of <i>Auto-erotism</i> in <i><a href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jcwrbefw">Studies in the Psychology
of Sex</a> </i>(1897) without mentioning the context in which the opinion that
female masturbation did <i>not</i> cause insanity was expressed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The topic
was first rediscovered by a Professor of Gynaecology, J. B. Fleming, after
encountering a passage in the works of Lawson Tait ‘so full of mystery that it
stimulated an investigation to be made into the circumstances which surrounded
the fall of Baker Brown’. The results of his investigation were published as </span>‘Clitoridectomy—The
disastrous downfall of Isaac Baker Brown, F.R.C.S. (1867).’ <i>Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire</i> 67 (1960): 1017–34.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It took some time for these findings to percolate more
generally into knowledge of the period – although Alex Comfort had touched on
the matter in <i>The Anxiety Makers: Some Curious Preoccupations of the Medical
Profession</i><b> </b>(1967), Ronald Pearsall, in <i>The Worm in the Bud: The World
of Victorian Sexuality</i> (1969) made a reference to ‘a doctor named Baker
Brown [who] performed a mysterious operation on her, unknown to her husband’ (p.156).
It is not quite clear where Pearsall acquired that information, since the case was
very extensively reported and the nature of the operation revealed, along with
Baker Brown’s negligence over obtaining her husband’s consent.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Hancock-Peaty case of early 1867, in fact, if perhaps
rather beyond what the sensation novel of the period could contain and still be
acceptable to the circulating libraries, strikes one as possibly the basis for
a rather noir neo-Victorian novel, or possibly TV drama.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It was not, technically, a divorce case. Mr Peaty wanted to
stay married to his wife, the former Miss Hancock, but her relatives were
claiming that her mental condition meant that she had been incompetent to consent
to matrimony. The fact that she had, subsequent to the marriage, inherited
£3000, may have had some bearing on this. Previously, one suspects, the family
had been happy for their cousin, who had been wishing to marry her for some
while, to take on the responsibility, and after all, medical men had expressed
the opinion that marriage might be beneficial for her ‘hysteria’ – a term which
hardly encompasses the extreme eccentricity manifested by the lady in question.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At some point during the marriage, the wife’s sisters took
her to Baker Brown, who performed what Peaty’s counsel referred to as a ‘gross
and barbarous operation’, without seeking Mr Peaty’s consent. He subsequently
took her to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Hospital_for_Lunatics">St Luke’s
Hospital</a>, in order to preserve her from further surgical interventions. Dr
Ellis, of that establishment, considered that ‘the surgical operation known as
clitoridectomy would be a most improper one in her case’, while conceding that
it was currently a subject of debate and controversy within the profession. The
subject was also discussed by other medical witnesses.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The extent to which this controversial, ‘barbaric’ procedure
thus obtained newspaper coverage through reportage of courtroom testimony contrasts
remarkably with the very discreet way in which the expulsion of Baker Brown
from the Obstetrical Society was dealt with by the mainstream press. While the
meeting was covered in all its heated detail in professional journals, only
brief paragraphs alluded to the event in newspapers intended for the general
public. The case is hardly mentioned at all in the historiography generated around
Baker Brown from the late twentieth century onwards</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A question which arises is whether – allied to the controversy
over Baker Brown’s book <i>On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity,
Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females</i> (1866), the argument with the
Lunacy Commission conducted in the pages of <i>The Times</i> over his claiming
to treat lunatics in an institution not licensed by the Commissioners for that
purpose – appearing by repute in a high-profile case in connection with ‘barbarous
operations’ repudiated by the medical witnesses, added further weight to the
scales leading to his expulsion from the Obstetrical Society.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lawson Tait’s obituary of Baker Brown, quoted in extenso in
the Fleming article, hinted at developing mental problems. A curious report in <i>Lloyd’s
Weekly Newspaper</i>, 15 December 1867, would suggest a certain erraticness of
behaviour manifesting. In the course of a case in which Baker Brown was suing a
music-hall singer for unpaid charges for professional attendance, the defendant
claimed that the surgeon had asked him to make introductions to ‘young ladies’
connected with the music-hall.</p>
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<![endif]--></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738724373406097909.post-79720319302113664042021-12-29T11:21:00.005+00:002021-12-29T11:21:57.796+00:00She was Chloe, or maybe Olivia<blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"> Chloe liked Olivia. They shared a laboratory together. . .’ I read on and discovered that these two young women were engaged in mincing liver, which is, it seems, a cure for pernicious anaemia</span></span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">A famous line from Virginia Woolf's famous essay of 1928, <i>A Room of One's Own</i>, describing the imaginary novel, <i>Life's Adventure</i>, by the equally fictitious novelist, Mary Carmichael.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">And yes, these are both fictitious and <b>not</b> rather poor covers for the 1928 novel by Marie Stopes under her pseudonym of 'Marie Carmichael', <i>Love's Creation</i>. Chronology alone would suggest that Woolf could not have encountered this work while preparing AROOO. The novelist's name fits in with the other Marys in the text, who echo the 'Ballad of the Queen's Maries' - 'Call me Mary Beton, Mary Seton, Mary Carmichael or by any name you please—it is not a matter of any importance'. I discussed this misapprehension and the unlikeness between the imaginary novel and Stopes' work in my chapter 'Uniting Science and Sensibility: Marie Stopes and the narratives of marriage in the 1920s' in <i>Rediscovering Forgotten Radicals: British Women Writers 1889-1939</i> edited by Angela Ingram
and Daphne Patai, University of North Carolina Press, 1993.</span></span>
</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">The fact that Chloe and Olivia are mincing liver to cure pernicious anaemia surely identifies them with Janet Vaughan, daughter of her friend and relative Madge Vaughan, who devised that pioneering treatment - recently mentioned in a 2019 article in <i>The Lancet</i> by Patricia Fara, 'Battling for life: the wartime work of Janet Vaughan',<i> The Lancet, 394(10202), 910–911. </i>doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)3209. Fara makes this same identification, and I briefly mentioned</span><span style="font-family: times;"> the Woolf-Vaughan connection in 'Chloe, Olivia, Isabel, Letitia, Harriette, Honor and many more: women in medicine and
biomedical science in Britain, 1914-1939', in <i>This Working-Day World: Women's Lives and Culture(s)in Britain 1914-45</i> edited by Sybil Oldfield, Taylor and Francis, London, 1994</span><span style="font-family: times;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(I was led to think about this by reading something which rather underplayed Vaughan's significance in another context - she had one of those varied careers that perhaps do not lead people to make cross-connections they might.)</span><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></p>Lesley Hallhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02302560115903080937noreply@blogger.com0